![]() ![]() Some archeological specimens are still sharp enough to incise skin. 7 Evidence of obsidian blades used for more complex procedures such as craniotomies appeared around 4000 BC in prehistoric Anatolia, modern-day Turkey. In fact, these instruments were still used for many of the same purposes by Alaska Native tribes well into the 19th century. These types of tools were used for scarification, venesection, lancing, and circumcision. 6Ī particularly well-preserved prehistoric blade mounted onto a handle was found in 1991, preserved in ice near the Austrian-Italian border (see Figure 1). Fracture and flake techniques were then employed to refine these early blades into cutting instruments with desired characteristics, making these objects among the first human-refined tools. 5īlades were initially composed of flint, jade, and obsidian, with specific pieces chosen for their sharp edges. 4 Excavations of archaeological sites dating to the Paleolithic and Neolithic periods revealed knives for surgical use as early as 10,000–8,000 BC. Kirkup, circumcision with sharpened stones, one of the earliest recorded elective procedures, evolved into knives used for basic procedures. John Kirkup, MB, BS-a retired surgeon and honorary curator of the Historical Instruments Collection at the Royal College of Surgeons of England-researched the history of surgical tools for more than 20 years. ![]() Thumbnails for newborn circumcisions, scarification via plant stems, and venesection with sharks’ teeth served as the first examples of sharp tools for procedures on the human body. Shells, razor-like leaves, bamboo shoots, and even fingernails may all be viewed as early surgical instruments. Pinpointing a specific period of time when a cutting implement became the first surgical knife depends largely on perspective. Tracing the history of this tool reflects the evolution of surgery as a culture and as a profession. The quintessential instrument of surgeons, the scalpel is the longstanding symbol of the discipline. Today’s advances in scalpel technology include additional safety measures and gemstone and polymer coatings. Later, surgeons prized speed and sharpness. Barber-surgeons embellished their scalpels as part of the art of their craft. As surgery developed into a profession, knives dedicated to specific uses also evolved. While the word “scalpel” derives from the Latin word scallpellus, the physical instruments surgeons use today started out as flint and obsidian cutting implements during the Stone Age. The surgical knife, one of the earliest surgical instruments, has evolved over 10 millennia. For more information, please visit the ACS website. The session is sponsored each year by the Surgical History Group. However, I fear that these methods could possibly weaken the (already delicate) structure of the obsidian.Editor’s note: The following article is based on a poster presented at the History of Surgery Poster Session at the American College of Surgeons (ACS) Clinical Congress 2017 in San Diego, CA. I have considered subjecting the scalpel to strong dose of UV radiation or perhaps 'cleaning' the scalpel with Povidone-Iodine (Betadine). I did try looking up the structure that obsidian assumes at the molecular level, with the hope that the knowledge would help me narrow down possible sterilization methods I could use here, but I drew a blank there as well. ![]() Knowing how delicate this thing is, I doubt conventional methods (such as autoclaving it) used to sterilize surgical tools could be safely applied in this case.Īs the use of obsidian blades in surgery is relatively new, I'm not surprised that I can't find any literature dealing with the sterilization of obsidian blades online. I don't actually plan on operating on someone with this, but all the same, I'd like to identify potential methods to sterilize such a blade. Now these scalpels are pretty fragile, with some of them having a thickness of the order of 0.1 mm. I recently came across this article on the use of obsidian scalpels in surgery: How Stone Age blades are still cutting it in modern surgery ![]()
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